Transfer (association football)

In professional association football, a transfer is the action taken whenever a player moves between professional clubs. It refers to the transferring of a player's registration from one professional association football club to another. In general, the players can only be transferred during a transfer window and according to the rules set by a governing body.

Contents 1 History 2 Medical examination 3 Transfer bans 4 Highest fees 5 Pre-contracts 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

History

The concept of a football transfer first came into existence after the English Football Association (FA) introduced player registration sometime after 1885.

Before that, a player could agree to play one or more games for any football club. After the FA recognized professionalism in 1885, it sought to control professional players by introducing a player registration system. Players had to register with a club each season, even if he remained with the same club from the season before. A player was not allowed to play until he was registered for that season. Once a player was registered with a club, he was not allowed to be registered with or play for another club during the same season without the permission of the FA and the club that held his registration. Players were free, however, to join another club before the start of each season, even if their former club wished to retain them.

Sometime after the Football League was formed in 1888, the Football League decided that restrictions had to be placed on the ability of richer clubs to lure players from other clubs to prevent the league being dominated by a handful of clubs. From the start of the 1893–94 season onwards, once a player was registered with a Football League club, he could not be registered with any other club, even in subsequent seasons, without the permission of the club he was registered with. It applied even if the player's annual contract with the club holding his registration was not renewed after it expired. The club was not obliged to play him and, without a contract, the player was not entitled to receive a salary. Nevertheless, if the club refused to release his registration, the player could not play for any other Football League club.

Football League clubs soon came to realize that they could demand and earn a transfer fee from any other Football League club as consideration for agreeing to release or transfer the player's registration.

The Football League's player registration system came to be known as the "retain and transfer" system.

In England, the "retain" aspect of the system was removed after a decision by the High Court in 1963 in Eastham vs. Newcastle United that it was unreasonable. The transfer system remained unchanged until the Bosman ruling.

Medical examination

Players will commonly undergo a medical examination and/or physical fitness test before a transfer completes. Occasionally, previously unknown medical problems will be detected, potentially jeopardizing the transfer or the size of the fee.

Transfer bans

One method of club punishment used by the football governing body FIFA is a ban on transfers.

In 2005, Roma were given a one year transfer ban by FIFA, beginning on 1 July, when in September 2004, French centre back Philippe Mexès joined the club while still under contract with Auxerre. On appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in December 2005, the ban was reduced to end after the January transfer window, but CAS upheld the view that Roma had "not only encouraged Mexès to break his contract with Auxerre, but actively provoked the break."^[1]

In April 2009, Sion were told by FIFA that they could not sign any players until the 2010 off-season, as punishment for signing Egyptian goalkeeper Essam El-Hadary from Al-Ahly in 2008 before his contract expired.^[2] The club appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, who froze the sanction pending a ruling, expected by the end of 2009.^[2] The ban was eventually lifted by FIFA.

On 3 September 2009, Chelsea were banned from registering any new players in the January and Summer 2010 transfer windows, after FIFA's dispute resolution chamber (DRC) ruled that French winger Gaël Kakuta had breached his contract with French club Lens when he joined Chelsea in 2007, and that Chelsea had induced him to do so.^[2]

Highest fees

The following table shows the top 13 highest transfer fees ever paid in GBP. All the transfer fees over £25 million have involved clubs in England, Italy, or Spain on both sides of the deal.

European football experienced a "transfer bubble" fueled by rapidly rising television rights sales between 1999 and 2002, and fees then fell away significantly. The three most expensive transfers since that time were all made by Spanish clubs in 2009, two by Real Madrid and one by Barcelona. In June 2009, Real Madrid purchased Kaká from Milan for a fee of £56 million, followed shortly thereafter by their £80 million purchase of Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United. Rio Ferdinand's included performance-related clauses, as may some of the other deals. This leads to different figures being given by different sources. Such performance related clauses have become more common since the bursting of the transfer bubble, meaning that it is harder to produce definitive lists of the largest transfer fees than was the case in the past.

Rank	Player	From	To	Transfer Fee (£ millions)	Transfer Fee (€ millions)	Year	Inflation adjusted fee (£ millions)[3]
1	Cristiano Ronaldo	Manchester United	Real Madrid	£80.0	€93.5[4]	2009	£80m
2	Zlatan Ibrahimović[5]	Internazionale	Barcelona	£60.7	€69.0[6][7]	2009	£61m
3	Kaká	Milan	Real Madrid	£56.1[8]	€65.1	2009	£56m
4	Zinedine Zidane	Juventus	Real Madrid	£43.0	€75.0[9][10]	2001	£53m
5	Luís Figo	Barcelona	Real Madrid	£37.0[11]	€58.5	2000	£46m
6	Hernán Crespo[12]	Parma	Lazio	£35.5[13]	€53.6	2000	£45m
7	David Villa	Valencia	Barcelona	£34.2[14]	€40.0	2010	£34m
8	Gianluigi Buffon[15]	Parma	Juventus	£32.6[16]	€49.2	2001	£40m
9	Robinho	Real Madrid	Manchester City	£32.5[17]	€49.0	2008	£32m
10	Christian Vieri	Lazio	Internazionale	£32.0[18]	€48.3	1999	£41m
11	Andriy Shevchenko	Milan	Chelsea	£30.8	€46.4	2006	£33m
12	Pavel Nedvěd	Lazio	Juventus	£30.7	€46.3	2001	£38m
13	Dimitar Berbatov	Tottenham Hotspur	Manchester United	£30.2[19]	€45.3	2008	£37m

Pre-contracts

A club may sign a pre-contract with a player while he is still with another club, by which the player agrees to move to the club at a future date, for example, after his contract with his current club expires.

Another situation may be where the current club is also a party to the pre-contract, and the transfer is conditional, for example, on a fee being agreed between the clubs or terms being agreed between the player and the new club, or the transfer is intended to take effect only after the player reaches a certain age.

The pre-contract is intended to prevent a third club from signing the player while details are still being negotiated or when the future date arrives.

As the player's registration remains with the current club, however, the existence of a pre-contract may be unknown to other clubs who wish to sign the player. Until the matter was resolved, Manchester United's claim to have signed John Obi Mikel was countered by Chelsea;'s claim to have a pre-contract.

See also

• Progression of football transfer fee record
• Co-ownership (football)
• Third-party ownership in association football
• Trade (sports)

References

External links

• Transfer regulations of FIFA (PDF)
• The anatomy of a transfer deal by BBC Sport
• Guide to football transfers